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Reading: More than 70 years ago, americanSugar daddyLos Angeles suffered a severe haze. People in Luoyang City did not expect that they would face a war of haze for more than half a century. The process and experience of american Los Angeles in haze control have a strong borrowing meaning for the current clean management of our country.
Los Angeles’ historical process of managing photochemical smoke
Since 2011, China’s haze frequency has become the focus of the public. In fact, american California Los Angeles had experienced similar situations more than 70 years ago.
The earliest photochemical smoke in Los Angeles occurred during the Second World War. Local residents even thought that these smoke smoke were chemical weapons released by japan (Japan). In fact, the real “metabolic” of Los Angeles’ photochemical smoke is motor vehicle emissions, but people didn’t quickly realize this because the photochemical smoke was light brown and red, while the tail gas of the motor vehicle was colorless. The important component of photochemical smoke is ozone (O3), which is mainly composed of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and flux-producing organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by motor vehicles through photochemical reactions. In 1940, Los Angeles had over 1 million and continued to grow rapidly. The large number of NOx and VOC emitted by the engine provided reaction raw materials for ozone. The local drought climate and strong sunlight promoted the progress of photochemical reactions. At the same time, the terrain of the three sides of Los Angeles restricted the spread of purifiers, which eventually led to the purification of photochemical smoke.
The key to managing Los Angeles air purification is to control the emissions of motor vehicles. The final solution of the agency is to improve the combustion efficiency of the engine and install catalytic converters for the automobile. Among them, the consequences of the latter are even more significant. The important effect of catalytic converter is to convert the NOx and other harmful gases in the tail gas into harmless substances, thereby achieving the consequence of reducing emissions. Despite catalytic transformationThe instrument has been reduced to a certain level, but the concentration of purifiers such as ozone in the air is still very high, and at this time people start to turn their eyes to oil.
In the 1970s, the global oil crisis led to new developments, and people have developed Pinay escort now uses natural gas or perhaps ethanol as fuel to reduce purified emissions. So the authorities began to encourage the application of natural gas and ethanol, and improved the oil standards of gasoline. At the same time, the bureau has strengthened supervision efforts, imposed heavy penalties on gasoline that do not meet the standards, and made public to the society to serve as a warning to others. The Los Angeles “Car Oil Co-management” approach has successfully reduced the ozone concentration in the Los Angeles region by more than 60% in 40 years.
Even though tomorrow’s Los Angeles have already had blue sky and white clouds, it is still one of the most serious cities in the United States. In 2016, carbon monoxide (CO) and PM10 in Los Angeles have reached the standard, but ozone and PM2.5 are still over the standard, which is very high because the new environmental standards require these two purifications more strictly. The strict standard is also the Los Angeles Bureau. Continuous management of enhancing supply has given power. Through the cooperation of the bureau, scientific research institutions and enterprises, Los Angeles is still moving forward on the road to eliminate the virility.
The current warning of the management of haze in our country
The mechanism of purifying the occurrence can greatly improve the effectiveness of management. The clarity of mechanism can help us find and control the “key species” in the purification structure process, and thus complete the pure “targeted treatment”. Los Angeles’ photochemical smoke appeared as early as 1943, but in the late Los Angeles Administration, the large number of measures adopted by the late Los Angeles government, included controlling open-air burning, and no land was used to reduce purification. Until the Haagen-Smit teaching at Caltech University discovered that NOx is O3 structureSugar baby‘s key species, the Los Angeles Administration has adopted a series of opportunistic approaches to control the NOx emissions of motor vehicles and finally eliminated the photochemical smoke. In history, the same as the single Escort ManilaThe London smoke (coal) and Los Angeles smoke (motor vehicle emissions) are different from each other. The recent haze in China is caused by the cooperation of coal, motor vehicle emissions, bio-quality combustion and other purification sources. This wraps the cat and says: “Give it to me.” There is no precedent for replacing the living world of purification. The biggest problem with reorganization is that many purifiers will undergo recurring chemical reactions in the atmosphere. When haze occurs, these reactions are “naturally born” fine particles (PM2.5) are even far away from direct emissions. We have not yet understood how these chemical reactions are carried out. Therefore, at this stage we can only clean up the air by reducing the emissions of all purification sources. However, this approach is a “double-blade sword”, which can improve the environment on the one hand, but it will also have a certain impact on economy and life. This is why Beijing only adopts such approach when welcoming serious activities such as “APEC” and “Soldiers”. Comparison with comprehensive reduction of emissions, finding the keys of haze structure and controlling it is a way to have a higher “quality and price ratio”, but this depends on the clarification of the purification mechanism. Today, with the efforts of domestic scientists, the secret surface of the haze is slowly being unveiled, but it still has a long way to go.
Strict environmental standards are the main trick to “force” technical upgrades. The purification will harm the public’s health. Purified management can actually be considered a kind of “medical investment” made for public health. The one that should be its “buying order” is the enterprise that emits pure substances. The agency’s footprint in this “buying” should be to supervise and guide enterprises, and reduce emissions through technical upgrades and other techniques to protect public health. For this goal, the important move taken by the american bureau is to set a strict environment standard. There are slight differences with China’s air quality standards. The air quality standards implemented by Los Angeles only develop to protect the health of the people, and do not consider the economic capital of the enterprise in its entirety. This standardThe preparation method can sometimes cause conditions that are too strict for the company, and even exceed the existing technology standards, but standard orderers understand these situations clearly, and the goal is to “force” the technology upgrade of the company. For example, the “Zero Emissions” motor vehicle project bill issued by the California Air Resources Bureau in 1990, which requires that zero-emissions cars account for a certain proportion of the total sales of vehicle companies. In fact, the bill has been in rapid development and the electric vehicle technology at that time was unreachable, which led to the bill being revised continuously in the game between the car companies and the Air Resources Bureau. However, in these games, electric vehicle technology has achieved agile development in California, and other states in american have also begun to follow suit.
The requirements are strictly above the national standards when needed. This is important to mark emission standards. In the actinic smoke in Los Angeles, the emissions of individual cars meet the national standards. However, due to Los Angeles’ grand motor vehicle density, the total amount of purified emissions remains high, and the sluggish climate and terrain have doubled the purification and lightening. In order to control the total amount of purified compounds in the region, Los Angeles must order strict emission standards than the country to avoid purification. Today, California is a state where the emission standards of american are solely authorized to order their own emission standards, which are usually more stringent than the Sugar daddy american Environmental Protection Agency (EPManila escortA). Due to the large number of breeding in California and economic development, car companies are unwilling to abandon the California market and meet the two standards of production lines of production and manufacturing. It is better to form the California standard by the municipal system. So the strict California standard was doubled and the upgrade of the entire american motor vehicle emission equipment was promoted in an objective manner. China’s fog mainly occurs in the eastern part of the c TC: